South of America

(Southern) Conal view southern cone

Notes

¹ Euclid, "L´Optique" in L´Optique et La Catoptrique, Albert Blanchard, Paris, 1959.

² Theodor Adorno, Mínima Moralia, Taurus, Madrid, 1987.

³ "The subject defined by vision is also defined by violence and the Albertine constituted as an icon is also constituted as a prisoner," Sullivan, On vision in Proust , quoted in Martin Jay Downcast Eyes, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1993

⁴ "Specially in the language that philosophers thought was the clearest possible: French. ‘What is not clear is not French’ according to the famous treatise De l´universalité de la langue française written by Antoine Rivarol in 1784", quoted in Jay op. cit.

⁵ "Et que la figure comprise sous les rayons visuels est un cône ayant son sommet dans l´œil, et sa base aux limites des grandeurs regardées," Euclid op. cit.

⁶ With the question, what is asked is placed in a particular perspective. See Hans-Georg Gadamer, Verdad y Método, Sígueme, Salamanca, 1997

⁷ Saint Thomas’s definition of the sense of sight in Summa. See Jay op. cit.

⁸ Sources: opinamos.com – graphicsmaps.com – wordatlas.com – worldbank.com – eclac.cl

⁹ Alfredo Calcagno, Sandra Manuelito, Gunilla Ryd, Proyecciones latinoamericanas 2001-2002, CEPAL, Santiago, 2002

¹⁰ José Consuegra Higgins reminds us that this is what Lenin called Russia. He returns to the subject of this character often.

¹¹ "Latin American Economic Development, an overview" en Economic History of Latin America Since Independence

¹² "Brian Rotman has suggestively linked the invention of the vanishing point with the introduction of the Hindu number zero, vital for calculating mercantile trade, and the Renaissance invention of "imaginary money" without any anterior referent in valuable metals like gold (he semiotics of Zero)," in Jay op. cit.

¹³ "Por causa de tanto oro que se apropian los españoles, las cosas valen tres doblados precios que valer solían, y por esa causa la gente pobre padece miserias y necesidades." (Because of all the gold the Spanish take, things cost three doubled prices more than they used to, and because of this people suffer misery and need.)

¹⁴ Las ideas económicas de Simón Bolívar. The author, "el maestro" (the teacher) José Consuegra Higgins, published by the Universidad Bolivariana, with a cover by Ignacio Consuegra Bolívar, 4th edition, Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, 2000.

¹⁵ Which in the end for Bolívar was the border between colonial and independent economic doctrine.

¹⁶ Svetlana Alpers, The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the 17th Century, quoted in Jay op. cit.

¹⁷ The fact that a question arises always presupposes some sort of rupture in the being of what is asked, Gadamer op. cit.

¹⁸ On page 37 of the second edition printed in the graphics research workshops of the School of Architecture of the Catholic University of Valparaiso, January 1986.

¹⁹ "The apex of the cone in the air is at the air, the base at the object seen" (Diogenes Laertius, VII, 157) quoted in Leon Battista Alberti , On painting, notes, Yale University Press, New Haven, CO, 1966.

²⁰ "The open air is the element of the voice, the liberty of a breath that nothing breaks into pieces (Derrida, Of Grammatology)", in Jay op. cit.